The Dani, Papua New Guinea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Dani, Papua New Guinea - Essay Example The irrigated land is provided freely for use by any member without prior payments or negotiations. Land ownership by an individual is rare since its vested in kins’ and only allocated in times of need. An individual may own the plantation but not the land. The heirs’ give the landowners gifts and offerings before using the land. Failure to do so will result in dispossession of the property by the landowners (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). Based on Zimmer & Amakoshi (2007) horticulture is routine by cultivation of sweet potatoes in large fields of valley bounded by ditches. Plantation is carried out year round where every family possess a portion of the harvest. The ditches assist in drainage of water during wet seasons and deliverance of spring water during dry spells. Additionally, they also serve as mulching basins. The ditches further prevent unwanted pigs form the farms. Other staple foods include starchy vegetables like yams, rice, wild sago, taro and breadfruit; supplemented by bananas, wild greens, mangos and coconuts. Hunting is also practiced which provides meat from fowl, pigs, marsupials, cassowaries and turtles. Each household practice pig keeping. The pigs are only slaughtered and consumed during special occasions (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). The community holds plenty of ceremonies and hence each Dani member receives pork every week. Domestication of pigs is highly significant that specific medical practices are carried out in order to assist them grow. The male pigs are castrated so as to control breeding and increase their sizes. Every Dani member participates in food production. However, the members cultivate their farms using manual labor whereby they incorporate inferior methods and technologies. Sweet potatoes are planted as monocrops in the irrigated fields whereby the soils are dug using sharp poles. Their harvest is enormous whereby it supports a population-density of more than 400/square mile (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). The

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 90

Assignment Example t the rate might not take past performance into consideration, or same level of performance may be marked for all the attributes or raters have different opinions about different performance levels. 2. The Barnard’s theory states that managers situated in the decision-making positions of the organizations have no authority until his/her subordinates accept his/her decisions. For example, the government wants the department of defense to initiate start working on a task, if the department does not accepts the task; the government does not have authority and vice-versa. 3. System I type management have the ability to provide reward, punishment to their subordinates (Babcock 129). They have this ability due to the position they hold in the organization. This type of management is used to motivate workers to work on a specific task. System II type management is used in Engineering settings where the manager has to help the subordinates through his expertise. 4. In some cases, management fails to adopt the dilemma of authority being equal to responsibility. This dilemma is not followed while delegating tasks to subordinates. A subordinate may be assigned a task or responsibility but he may not have the equal authority to get the task completed. In such scenarios, the subordinate has to use tactics such as persuasion and personal power to get the job done. 5. Engineers undergo heavy training, they are taught about every technicality of the job and in vocational schools, they learn about every single details of doing a task perfectly. They do not have the skills of being flexible on work or use different techniques for working; these are the reasons due to which they fail to manage in organizations. On the other hand, students in the business environment are taught to be flexible and are allowed to do a certain task in any effective and efficient manner and this is why these managers are more

The Impact Of Globalisation On The Nation State Politics Essay

The Impact Of Globalisation On The Nation State Politics Essay Is the Nation State dead? It is one question among the profusion of apocalyptic predictions of the demise of the nation state caused mostly by the Globalisation. In the same way, the word globalisation seems nowadays to be used all the time on many occasions which thus does not give a clear meaning. We are going to try to define the term of globalisation in order to have a better analysis of our subject. The term refers more to a process which could be describe as the increased movement of people, knowledge and ideas, and goods and money across national borders which have create more interconnectedness among the world. For some it is just an economic phenomenon defined as the increasing worldwide integration of economies over recent decades and is associated with the triumph of liberal capitalism as the dominant economic mode (King and Kendall, p 142). But it really includes political and cultural areas as well. Then, why is it considered as a threat for the Nation State? The nation state is a political system invented in occidental Europe that took six century, while it had to co-exist with cities, Empire and papacy, to affirm itself. The Nation State triumphed as a political organisation as one goes along with the different acquisition of independence of countries. Decolonisation in the 1950s put the Nation state definitely as a model for the world political system. So whilst the Nation state remains the principal focus of political identification and the principal place to debate why does people enquiry about the death of the Nation State? The mainly dangers of the globalisation argued are the loss of the sovereignty and of autonomy of the Nation state. We can wonder, indeed, about the role of the nation state in a world where transnational and international activities are the new way. Some say that the later could hollow out the authority of the Nation State and preventing it to be the legitimate body. But before digging the grave of the Nation State, we should wonder about what impact has globalisation had on the Nation State? To answer this question we will first present the different principal perspectives about this supposed impact, according to the Hyperglobalist, the Sceptical and the Transformationalists. Then we will explain what new dimension has the globalisation brought to the Nation State. To do so, we will focus first on the economical scheme with the Multinational corporations and the idea of competiveness and secondly we will look into the new political dimension such the new actors on the international system as well as the boundaries. Different perspectives on the globalisations impact. Today, globalisations impact on states is a debatable argument; there is not really agreement on the subject. We are going to introduce the main theories about it. Hyperglobalists argue that the world had evolved these past years and that it is now more borderless, especially in the economic field. National economies are now part of a global economy where international financial markets and transnational dominate. They say there is a denationalization but that it is part of an economic logic in which national governments are just transmission belt for global capital (King and Kendall, p144). For them, the power of the Nation Sate has been supplanted by business activities (Ohmae, 1995). Today, it is more the global finance, rather than state, that has influence over the organisation, location and distribution of economic power and wealth. We are in a time of a borderless economy and where the state is territorially limited, global markets are free to escape political regulation. The role of the state is now to accommodate the structure of the domestic economy to the imperatives of international competitive. Furthermore, the current internationa l institutions in charge of the economy, such the IMF or World Bank help the formation of this global market. Because states can no longer modulate exchange and interest rates (King and Kendall, p144), they are becoming transitional modes of economic organization and regulation. Their conclusion is the demise of the Nation State but we can critic this theory by saying that they do no distinguish the quantity of influence and of power among countries. In the case of the countries of the European Union for example, we can see that their sovereign power has been given away or at least reduced (Europeans institutions) when it is not true for the United states which keep a state strength. Hyperglobalists see the globalisation as a good thing which would give opportunities to societies to develop. In contrast, Sceptics disagree with this thesis; they think that the world has not evolved much and that instead of being in a globalised world we are now in a more international world. Hirst and Thompson argued that whereas tendencies towards internationalisation can be accommodated within a modified view of the world economic system, that still gives the major role to national-level policies and economic actors; when firms, government and international agencies are being forced to behave differently, but in the main they can use existing institutions and practices to do so (Held and McGrew, chap 1). For the Sceptics, the State remains central in the business activities and even that it is the most powerful actor in domestic economy and in international agreement and regulations. Multinational corporations having headquartered in different countries can be described as national companies operating internationally and thus subject to the national regulation. Moreover, the Sate has st ill a crucial role in the scheme of governance and regulation and through elections it remains the critical agencies of the popular representation. And to conclude they state that the world is now divided into larger regional area rather that into one world. However, Transformationalists take a middle ground approach between the two previous extreme views of globalisation. They argue that globalisation is a multi-scalar process and do not believe in a single global society. The current global interconnections and interdependence will forge new networks and maybe dissolve some existing ones. As Held say relationships among nations and people will be reconfigured and power relationships restructured. It will not be the end of the Nation State, more a reconstruction of the Nation State. According to Held and McGrew, globalisation refers to a shift in the scale of human organisation that links distant communities. There will be a wider impact of power relations across the worlds regions and continents. But even through a reconfiguration, the state remains an important actor in global political economy. They also state the emergence of a new sovereignty regime, arguing that it is today less as a territorially defined barrier than a bargaining resource for a politics characterized by complex transnational networks (Held and McGrew). Among these different theories, the Transformationalists one seems to be the more accurate according to our second part. A new Economical dimension Globalisation becomes such a debatable process that we are going to show what economic impact it has made. Multinational corporations mobility is seen as an impact of the globalisation on the Nation State. As the hyperglobalists stated it, it is becoming the new primary object, but as the Transformationalists show it does not undermine the role of the Nation state. Indeed along all the way of the development of the globalisation and thus the global market, states have formed the regulation to maintain it. Global capital needs the states functions to be effective. As we saw before, Nation states are home base for multinational corporations and so subjected to the domestic policy of the State. While the company is working transnationally, headquarter is in a single nation. All the investment and benefit made are likely to be sent back in the country of origin. It is true that nation states can retain juridical and other restrains on their citizen which can hardly be matched with multinational companies but if high levels of social expenditure help improve or maintain a good productivity, th ere is no reason for them to leave or to object. Sometimes it can be benefit for multinational to offshore, but for some such agricultural or manufacturing it can be more difficult because of a lack of synergy or of application du to the geographical position. So the multinational corporations mobility can be disputable and may not be seen as a bad impact on the nation state. Analyses of foreign direct investment flows indicate that in high technology and knowledge-intensive sectors, multinational companies are attracted more by knowledge-intensive labour than by low cost employee (King and Kendall, p142). So offshore are not always a good deal and the primacy can be accorded on the Nation State. Moreover, a lot of trade still occur within national state and it is often more easier to remedies to the problems domestically than abroad. Thus Multinational Corporations are welcome to keep on the administrative and legal functions of nation states. On the other hand, it has been show that globalisation intensifies competition which in fact stimulates innovation. As Gibbons say globalisation puts firms and others organisations under competitive pressure to innovate (King and Kendall, p148), so it stimulates new research practices. Firms have now to innovate because if they dont their existence might be threatened by others who do innovate. Thus as the benefit mostly come back on the nation state of origins, globalisations impact can be well accepted. In conclusion, Multinational corporations depend on state structures to guarantee their rights and globalisation is a factor for competiveness and thus development. As Hirst and Thompson stated international business are still largely confined to their home country in terms of their overall activity. A new political dimension Globalisation is not, as we state earlier, an economical phenomena only. At the root of the globalisation there is an important technical revolution which is the abolition of the distance thanks to progress and communication. The authority of the nation station was mostly based on the distance because it gives a meaning of the territorial boundaries and a mediatory function of the State as soon as individual wanted to communicate between each other. But how deal with the amount of transnational activities between individuals beyond boundaries going round the state; it does not make sense today. With globalisation, borders are less significant and boundaries of decisions are much broader that the actual boundaries (Dahl). Before, these international institutions let a great part of independence and autonomy to national systems but not anymore, they penetrate deeply in the national system (ZÃ ¼rn). Hence the reorganization of the nation states functions insofar as for new political perspective to govern in a system where communication goes beyond it and where it has to ensure the regulation of this transnational activities boom. Sometimes international relations seems more important that nationalism; when the FMI was endorsing the idea of a common currency, countries such France or Germany known as a strong nationalism tendency, gave up without problem to their national currency. It is so a reconsideration of the state, it can not be identified by its currency or by the opening of its market anymore. Globalisation would sustain the demise of the nation state by reconsidering the general functions of the state and the dimension of the nation. State should be more modest and delegate part of its sovereign mission to other some forms of governance, local or global. Some new actors of course take advantage of the process of globalisation, such economic actors. But we can also observe alternative forms of transnational solidarity. With widening of the image, the information and the communication, individuals are being involved in domestic affairs of neighbouring states. Globalisation allow the emergence of an important amount of actors which are going to have their own international action, such the NGOs or will put pressure on state to make them intervene on the international scene, such the international public opinion. So we cannot speak of end of the state, it is more a transformation of the state which is now working with non state actors while losing much of its sovereignty principle. But the state stay the privileged actor, it is easier to negotiate with a state than with a transnational flux. The state is identified by the international rights and organisations. Furthermore, we can state that the population developed a strong nationhood o ver the past years and indeed would give its trust to the national parliaments more that in the European institutions for example. Conclusion Globalisation does not mean the end of the Nation State, not now anyway. It redefines it; some states functions can not have substitute. The state is yet competent and not really disputed in term of stability and domestic security. It is still a supplier of homogeneity and especially of social homogeneity. Moreover globalisation could be seen as a good effect on the national economies. Because some decisions are made on another level than the state (such in UE) the new challenge is to organise a new way for the citizenship, maybe a global citizenship.

James Boswell :: essays research papers

In 1757 it does not appear that he published any thing, except some of those articles in the Literary Magazine, which have been mentioned. That magazine, after Johnson ceased to write in it, gradually declined, though the popular epithet of Antigallican was added to it; and in July 1758 it expired. He probably prepared a part of his Shakspeare this year, and he dictated a speech on the subject of an address to the Throne, after the expedition to Rochfort, which was delivered by one of his friends, I know not in what publick meeting. It is printed in the Gentleman's Magazine for October 1785 as his, and bears sufficient marks of authenticity. By the favour of Mr. Joseph Cooper Walker, of the Treasury, Dublin, I have obtained a copy of the following letter from Johnson to the venerable authour of "Dissertations on the History of Ireland." "TO CHARLES O'CONNOR, ESQ.1 "SIR, "I HAVE lately, by the favour of Mr. Faulkner, seen your account of Ireland, and cannot forbear to solicit a prosecution of your design. Sir William Temple complains that Ireland is less known than any other country, as to its ancient state. The natives have had little leisure, and little encouragement for enquiry; and strangers, not knowing the language, have had no ability. "I have long wished that the Irish literature were cultivated.2 Ireland is known by tradition to have been once the seat of piety and learning; and surely it would be very acceptable to all those who are curious either in the original of nations, or the affinities of languages, to be further informed of the revolution of a people so ancient, and once so illustrious. "What relation there is between the Welsh and Irish language, or between the language of Ireland and that of Biscay, deserves enquiry. Of these provincial and unextended tongues, it seldom happens that more than one are understood by any one man; and, therefore, it seldom happens that a fair comparison can be made. I hope you will continue to cultivate this kind of learning, which has too long lain neglected, and which, if it be suffered to remain in oblivion for another century, may, perhaps, never be retrieved. As I wish well to all useful undertakings, I would not forbear to let you know how much you deserve in my opinion, from all lovers of study, and how much pleasure your work has given to, Sir,

What is a relationship

Reid with each other to. Hat makes this relationship special is we bond together and we treat each other nicely and are not disrespectful to one another-well crystal is special to me is she doesn't brag about things and she doesn't cry over dumb things and she's kind to one another. Crystal and recognized the relationship is when we started talking to each other a lot. Let all started back in the day 2011,we were at a party and I was eating food like usual and than saw her sitting down and I talked to her than we started to talk for a few than we have been friends since than.My relationship with this person is great ,we still hang out with each other and eating food, watching movies like usual. How feel about the relationship now? Is good like said we chill,eat,movies than more eating. What this relationship means to me is were just normal people , eating food with my best friend and its great ‘nice to each other. I learned thru this relationship is were not always goanna be wi th each other even thou we live 1 house down and not to be disrespectful. This experience will help me with other people is don't judge a book by its cover like just be nice to one another.

Suyuan Woo and Jing Mei Relationship

Suyuan and Jing-Mei’s relationship in The Joy Luck Club In The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, Jing-Mei and her mother have a very rocky relationship. Tan develops a relationship between Suyuan and Jing-Mei that is distant in the beginning due to culture differences and miscommunication, but gradually strengthens with time and understanding. Both of them have different backgrounds and have been influenced by two different cultures. Suyuan grew up in China and behaves according to the Chinese culture and her American-born daughter Jing-Mei is influenced by the American culture that surrounds her and wants to become part of it.Their relationship is also shaped by the pressure Suyuan puts on Jing-Mei. She wants her to be a perfect Chinese daughter. She expects her daughter to be smart, talented, and a respectful Chinese daughter. After Suyuan immigrates to America from China, she remarries and gives birth to a daughter, who she names Jing-Mei. Because Jing-Mei was born in America and t herefore grew up in a different atmosphere, culture, and environment, the relationship between mother and daughter is tense.Suyuan Woo would continuously educate Jing-Mei in the Chinese culture; however, Jing-Mei did not care about this part of her background. When she was younger, and her mother would tell her about the Joy Luck club, she, â€Å"imagined Joy Luck was a shameful Chinese custom, like the secret gathering of the Ku Klux Klan or the tom-tom dances of TV Indians preparing for war,† (Tan, 28). She did not understand the Chinese tradition and did not care learning about it. Suyuan wanted her daughter to live like an American, but at the same time think like a Chinese.Jing-Mei felt humiliated with her mother’s Chinese behaviors, causing their relationship to be more distant. They did not understand one other’s cultural differences. However, this part of their relationship changes when Jing-Mei goes to China to see her half-sisters. After her mother pas ses away, Jing-Mei travels to China to meet with her sisters and finally understands the Chinese culture that she had never valued before â€Å"and now I see what part of me is Chinese. It is so obvious. It is my family. It is in our blood.After all these years, it can finally be let go,† (Tan, 288) Also, their relationship is shaped by the pressure Suyuan puts on her daughter. When Jing-Mei was growing up, her mother had the need for her daughter to be smart, talented, and a respectful Chinese daughter. This pressure put on Jing-Mei resulted in misunderstanding between mother and daughter. Jing-Mei constantly believed, â€Å"that she was disappointing her mother,† because she felt as if she failed at everything her mother wanted her to do. She believed she could never be as perfect as her mother was.Therefore she doesn’t think she is worthy enough to take her mother’s place at the Joy Luck Club â€Å"They must wonder now how someone like me can take my mother’s place† (Tan, 27). Jing-Mei does not understand that her mother wanted the best for her; Suyuan wanted Jing-Mei to challenge herself because that is how one builds up character. Suyuan thinks her daughter could do anything she proposed to do but never put enough effort into anything â€Å"Lazy to rise to expectations† (Tan 31). Furthermore, Suyuan forced Jing-Mei to learn how to play the piano and then perform at a recital.Jing-Mei rebelled against her mother and refused to learn how to play the piano well. So, at the recital she ends up forgetting the music notes. Jing-Mei blames her embarrassment on her mother and states, â€Å"’You want me to be someone that I’m not! ’ I sobbed. ‘I’ll never be the kind of daughter you want me to be! ’† (Tan 142). Suyuan’s high expectations for her daughter cause miscommunication and misunderstanding in their relationship. However, this relationship gradually change s as Suyuan passes away and Jing-Mei gets older and becomes an adult.Through reflecting on her mother and visiting China she starts to understand her mother’s ways and actions and respects them. She also realizes that her mother always did love her and believed in her. Although Jing-Mei never believed that her mother approved of her throughout the book it is present. An important moment is after the New Year’s dinner when Suyuan gives Jing-Mei her green jade pendant, calling it Jing-mei’s â€Å"life importance. † Suyuan tells her daughter that the Jade isn’t good quality, but it will improve with time. Jing-Mei is like this young jade, improving and deepening over time.Also, Suyuan tries to comfort her daughter when she is insulted by Waverly Jong and admires her for not choosing the â€Å"best quality† crab like everyone else but leaving the best ones for them and the worse one for herself. Therefore, because of cultural differences Suyuan and Jing-Mei have many opposing ideas and beliefs. This coupled with their lack of communication are responsible for many of the problems they face during the course of their relationship. These conflicts are only resolved when Jing-Mei reflects and learns about her mother's past and accepts their