Max Weber Explaining the Tragedy of 1978

Introduction Max Weber focused on major principles that governed human societies. He analysed theories concerning various phenomena which took place in human societies. Thus, he reconsidered Marx’s theory. However, his ideas concerning religion and the role of religion in humans’ life are quite exceptional. Weber’s theories can help to understand and, maybe, explain stimuli of people who lived in the notorious Jonestown. Weber’s ideas concerning domination and the Baptist Sects provide insights into the processes that led to the tragedy of 1978.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Max Weber: Explaining the Tragedy of 1978 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Domination According to Max Weber people tend to organize (or be organized) into groups. It is necessary to point out that these groups do not interact on equal terms. This is where domination comes into place. Weber (1978) defined dominat ion as â€Å"the probability that certain specific commands (or all commands) will be obeyed by a given group of persons† (p. 212). There are many factors that affect people and make them obey. Weber (1978) pointed out three types of authority that made people obey: traditional authority, rational-legal authority and charismatic authority. This classification can be used to explain the phenomenon of Jonestown. Jim Jones became a charismatic leader and created a group of believers (Jonestown, 2006). Those people followed him as they believed in his â€Å"revelation, his heroism† and his personal qualities (Weber, 1978, p. 216). However, it can be difficult to understand what made people believe in that (even charismatic) personality. Weber (1978) provided an answer to this question as well. The renowned sociologist suggested several reasons which could make people obey. One of these reasons is particularly important when considering the case of Jonestown. Weber (1978) s tated that people could submit from their helplessness as there was no alternative for them. This was precisely the case of people who left their homes to settle down in Jonestown (or just believe in Jim Jones). People found themselves in the hostile society where multinationals and corporations ruled the world, where racism and other forms of discrimination were still there (Jonestown, 2006). People longed for a new world where equality and peace ruled. Jim Jones promised them to build such a society. Notably, Jim Jones did not simply create an ordinary organization; he created a religious organization based on major principles of Christianity. Admittedly, this was one of the main qualities of the organization that attracted so many people. Remarkably, some called the People Temple a cult, whereas some considered it to be a powerful formation that could change the world. Nowadays people see this religious organization as an example of the other side of religious beliefs. Religious Constituent Major Peculiarity of Some Religious Organizations The fact that the Peoples Temple was a religious organization brings to the fore one more theory developed by Max Weber. Thus, he pointed out thatAdvertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More [a] strict avoidance of the world†¦ were the results for the first Baptist communities, and this principle of avoidance of the world never quite disappeared so long as the old spirit remained alive. (Weber, 1930, n.p.) In other words, Weber argued that numerous religious organizations (he used the word communities) were based on the principle of escape from the society they pertained to. The Peoples Temple was one of such organizations as people who joined it and followed Jim Jones did not feel safe in the contemporary society. They wanted to escape from various kinds of discrimination and they wanted to build a new better society (Jo nestown, 2006). Jim Jones gave people what they wanted. He portrayed a society where justice, equality and good ruled. He went further and called people to come with him to build a new place. Jones suggested a way to escape and many people followed. Thus, Weber’s theory turned out to be correct in one more case. Ultimate Attempt to Escape This theory is also manifested in the extreme way Jones’ followers chose. Weber (1930) noted that Baptist organizations largely relied upon the principle of salvation. Apart from mere avoidance of worldly life, many members of such organizations sought for salvation. Weber (1930) also stressed that those organizations were authoritarian. In other words, leaders had a great power over members of their communities. Therefore, people were ready to follow their leader to the end. This was the case with Jonestown. More than 900 people obeyed and committed suicide as their leader claimed that they could not put up with the vicious world and had to leave it (Jonestown, 2006). Legitimacy of Jones’ Organization It goes without saying that such ideas sound like a kind of ideology. Some may say that Jones was trying to show the entire world that there was something wrong with it. However, if to take into account Weber’s theory it becomes clear that Jones pursued his own goals. Weber (1978) claimed that the entire system is based on the idea of its legitimacy. When members of an organization do not obey, organization ceases to exist. Thus, organization can exist until there is authority and dominance. Basically, Jones’ organization was one of such examples.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Max Weber: Explaining the Tragedy of 1978 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization was a powerful entity at the beginning. People believed in their leader. Many people joined the organization as they saw a real way out. They obtained the n ecessary alternative to the hostile society. Nonetheless, soon people got disappointed in the organization and its leader. They started leaving the organization (Jonestown, 2006). This was the point when Jones understood that he was not the great authority anymore. He understood that he would soon lose everything. People did not believe in the organization’s legitimacy. Jones found the way to prove he was an authority. It goes without saying that Jones’ way to regain dominance became a horrible tragedy. However, it is also necessary to note that the instance of Jonestown tragedy does prove Weber’s theory concerning dominance and authority. Jonestown is the example that an organization cannot exist without dominance. Conclusion On balance, it is possible to note that Weber’s theories on human society and religion are applicable in many cases. Thus, these theories can explain such events as Jonestown tragedy. Weber claimed that people were likely to form gr oups and societies which were governed by certain principles. According to Weber, one of the major principles of humans’ societies is dominance. Thus, Jim Jones being a charismatic leader formed a religious organization which followed the basic principle of such kind of entities. The organization was based on principles of dominance, i.e. authority and individual desire to escape the hostile (worldly) society. It is important to note that the Peoples Temple should be regarded as an extreme as the leader of the organization used his authority to make people give their lives for some illusive objective. References Jonestown: The life and death of Peoples Temple. (2006). Web. Weber, Max. (1930). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of Capitalism. Web. Weber, Max. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Max Weber: Explaining the Tragedy of 1978 was written and submitted by user ShaneYamada-J0nes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Disposing Nuclear Waste in Ocean Trenches

Disposing Nuclear Waste in Ocean Trenches It seems to be a perennial suggestion: lets put our most hazardous wastes into the deepest sea trenches. There, they will be drawn down into the Earths mantle well away from children and other living things. Usually, people are referring to high-level nuclear waste, which can be dangerous for thousands of years. This is why the design for the proposed waste facility at Yucca Mountain, in Nevada, is so incredibly stringent. The concept is relatively sound. Just put your barrels of waste in a trench - well dig a hole first, just to be tidy about it - and down they inexorably go, never to bring harm to humanity again. At 1600 degrees Fahrenheit, the upper mantle isnt hot enough to alter the uranium and make it nonradioactive. In fact, its not even hot enough to melt the zirconium coating that surrounds the uranium. But the purpose isnt to destroy the uranium, its to use plate tectonics to take the uranium hundreds of kilometers into the Earths depths where it can naturally decay.   Its an interesting idea, but is it plausible?   Ocean Trenches and Subduction Deep-sea trenches are areas where one plate dives beneath another (the process of subduction) to be swallowed up by the Earths hot mantle. The descending plates extend down hundreds of kilometers where they are not the least bit of a threat. It isnt completely clear whether the plates disappear by being thoroughly mixed with mantle rocks. They may persist there and become recycled through the plate-tectonic mill, but that wouldnt happen for many millions of years.   A geologist might point out that subduction is not really secure. At relatively shallow levels, subducting plates become chemically altered, releasing a slurry of serpentine minerals that eventually erupt in large mud volcanoes on the seafloor. Imagine those spewing plutonium into the sea! Fortunately, by that time, the plutonium would have long since decayed away. Why It Wont Work Even the fastest subduction is very slow - geologically slow. The fastest-subducting location in the world today is the Peru-Chile Trench, running along the west side of South America. There, the Nazca plate is plunging beneath the South America plate at around 7-8 centimeters (or approximately 3 inches) per year. It goes down at about a 30-degree angle. So if we put a barrel of nuclear waste in the Peru-Chile Trench (never mind that its in Chilean national waters), in a hundred years it will move 8 meters - as far away as your next-door neighbor. Not exactly an efficient means of transport.   High-level uranium decays to its normal, pre-mined radioactive state within  1,000-10,000 years.  In 10,000 years, those waste barrels would have moved, at maximum, just .8 kilometers (half a mile). They would also lie only a few hundred meters deep - remember that every other subduction zone is slower than this. After all of that time, they could still be easily dug up by whatever future civilization cares to retrieve them. After all, have we left the Pyramids alone? Even if future generations left the waste alone, the seawater and seafloor life would not, and the odds are good that the barrels would corrode and be breached. Ignoring geology, lets consider the logistics of containing, transporting and disposing of thousands of barrels each year. Multiply the amount of waste (which will surely grow) by the odds of shipwreck, human accidents, piracy and people cutting corners. Then estimate the costs of doing everything right, every time. A few decades ago, when the space program was new, people often speculated that we could launch nuclear waste into space, maybe into the sun. After a few rocket explosions, nobody says that any more: the cosmic incineration model is infeasible. The tectonic burial model, unfortunately, isnt any better. Edited by Brooks Mitchell

Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE)

Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) The light rare earth elements, light-group rare earths, or LREE are a subset of the lanthanide series of  the rare earth elements, which are themselves a special set of transition metals. Like other metals, the light rare earths have a shiny metallic appearance. They tend to produce colored complexes in solution, conduct heat and electricity, and form numerous compounds. None of these elements occurs in pure form naturally. Although the elements are not that rare in terms of element abundance, they are extremely difficult to isolate from each other. Also, the minerals that bear rare earth elements are not uniformly distributed across the globe, so the elements are uncommon in most countries and must be imported. Elements That Are Light Rare Earth Elements Youll see different sources site slightly different lists of elements classified as LREEs, but the US Department of Energy, US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, and national labs use a very specific set of criteria to assign elements to this group. The light-group rare earth elements are based on the configuration of  4f electrons. LREEs have no paired electrons. This makes the LREE group consist of 8 elements with atomic number 57 (lanthanum, with no unpaired 4f electrons) through atomic number 64 (gadolinium, with 7 unpaired 4f electrons): lanthanum (La) - used in high-end optical lenses and in  lanthanum nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) rechargeable batteriescerium (Ce) - the 25th most abundant element in the Earths crust (so not rare at all), used in catalytic converters and the oxide as a polishing powder  praseodymium (Pr) - oxide is used as a catalyst in plastic manufacturing and is combined with zirconium oxide to produce a vivid yellow pigment used in ceramicsneodymium (Nd) - used to make super-strong magnets; neodymium-iron-boron (NeFeB) magnets are used to make cell phones vibratepromethium (Pm) - used to make a phosphorescent pigment and to make the starter switch for fluorescent lampssamarium (Sm) - used in high strength magnets and to make servo-motorseuropium (Eu) - used to make phosphors, notably the reddish-orange color of screens and monitorsgadolinium (Gd) - used in a reactor to control rods to control fission reaction and as a contrast agent to improve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Uses of the LREE All of the rare earth metals have great economic importance. There are many practical applications of the light rare earth elements, including: lasermagnetsphosphorsluminous paintscatalystsmetallurgysuperconductorssensorsflat panel displaysmedical tracersmicrophones and speakersrechargeable batteriesfiber opticsnumerous defense applications The Special Case of Scandium The element scandium is considered to be one of the rare earth elements. Although it is the lightest of the rare earths, with atomic number 21, it is not classified as a light rare earth metal. Why is this? Basically, its because an atom of scandium does not have an electron configuration comparable to that of the light rare earths. Like other rare earths, scandium typically exists in a trivalent state, but its chemical and physical properties dont warrant grouping it with either the light rare earths or the heavy rare earths. There are no middle rare earths or other classification, so scandium is in a class by itself.

Homeland Security Advisory System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homeland Security Advisory System - Essay Example This efficient system is used to create structure and context for national discussion regarding threats that oppose the homeland and help in taking proper measures that can play an appropriate role in protecting the country. This system seeks to facilitate and inform proper decision that rate to various levels of government and to local citizens present at work and home (Loeb, 2007). This powerful system was launched on March 11th 2002, by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 3 as a way to secure the conditions after 11th September 2001. It has the initiative to provide a â€Å"comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to federal, state, and local authorities and to the American people." This was said by Tom Ridge, the assistant to the President for Homeland Security on 12th March 2002. However, the role of managing, implementing and developing the system was the duty of the U.S Attorney General (Loeb, 2007). On January 2003, a new department known as Homeland Security (DHS) started administering this system. Now, the decision to â€Å"announce the occurrence of threat conditions is performed by the Secretary of Homeland Security in consultation with the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security.† (Homeland Security Presidential Directive-5) The Homeland Security Advisory System that binds the services various levels of government and other private sectors. In this system, there are five Threat Conditions that identify the description of the threat by the color they have. Each level of threat has a subsequent color which describes the intensity of the expected attack. Each level; from highest to lowest, following is the colors: This proves that the higher the level of Thread Conditions is the greater are the chances of terrorist attacks. The terrorist attacks include both; the reason why the attack is occurring and the potential

Four questions to answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Four questions to answer - Essay Example This happens to describe the relation between the organisation and the employees. This is a key factor as it lets the employees know about the organisation’s policies and the transparency that it maintains in the internal as well as the external affairs of the organisation. This Professional area has some important elements embedded in it. Trade Unions, Health and Safety and Grievance and Disciplinary are a few to name. Let us now take a better look into all these elements individually and also integrating them so as to have a better understanding of the concept of Professional Areas. An associate member is expected to help improve and enhance the relationship between the employees and the organisation. Also one has to make sure, the execution of the policies and practices which necessarily cover the employee’s relationship with the organisation are carried out and this would also include industrial relations and those strategies associated with it. To maintain healthy relation between the organisation and the employees the Associate members should make sure that all the disputes are resolved at the earliest possibility. These disputes could be individual or collective. Ensuring the coverage of tribunals, grievance and disciplinary, employment law, contracts of employment and terms and conditions seconds none in the order of importance when the Employee relation with the organisation is concerned. They make up for a good relation by ensuring the employees rights and responsibilities. The resolving of issues though sounds like a normal job, demands plenty of diplomacy and spontaneity. The simple issues left unattended could turn into complex ones and they might be of great risk to the organisation. So the Associate member should resolve every issue, no matter what intensity it is of and should properly influence those leading the issue to the right approach. Among those critical jobs that the Associate members carry out, one that has to be definite ly discussed is checking the proper understanding of the organisation’s policies and procedures by the employees and making sure that they are integrated within the employees and are maintained in the workplace. On the other hand, the Associate members make certain it is just not the employees who need to have an understanding of the organisation’s policies and procedures, but also the HR Professionals who need to have an understanding of the full range of employee relations policies, practices and the employment laws. This is done to better manage the risk and the Associate member might also need to train them with individual coaching as per the requirements. They need to have a desire to learn as the job demands the necessity to learn about the continuously evolving employee relations both locally and globally. This is achieved by maintaining relationships with the counterparts, the formal bodies and communities of practice. This information gathered by the Associate member is then used to improve and make better changes in the employee relation plan. They also lead the negotiations between the trade unions, work councils and similar bodies regarding the labour issues and sometimes bring them to the notice of the higher authorities, depending on the intensity of the issue thereby creating an amicable working environment and building up a healthy relationship among them. The Associate membe

Giving examples describe Essay Example for Free

Giving examples describe Essay Giving examples describe the way in which Aristophanes tried to make his audience laugh; what, also, can you infer from The Wasps about the types of people who make up that audience? Aristophanes used lots of different techniques to make his audience laugh and to get them to enjoy the performances. These techniques ranged from low slapstick humour and crude jokes such as Philocleon going to the toilet in the home made court room in front of the jury to more educated jokes being mainly aimed towards Kleon, the archon of the time and also the jokes were made for the more educated Athenian. For the more simple minded Athenian, slapstick humour and role reversal was used to please the audience, this was done by having the character Philocleon being a bit dim minded and crazy. We see this in the first act and first scene where Philocleon escapes through the chimney and talks to Bdelycleon saying that he is a puff of smoke trying to get out of the chimney. In a modern day audience, this wouldnt have been found that amusing, but during the rein of Aristophanes plays, this was funny and got laughs from a wide range of the audience, not just the simple minded Athenians. Also when Bdelycleon stuffs his dad back down the chimney, he cracks a joke about being the son of smoke; that small play on words is still used today and would have gotten laughs from the audience. Also in the first scene, we have a small use of role reversal with Sosias impersonating Alcibiades and joking around about his lisp when talking to Xanthias. Yet again this is humour is aimed for the whole audience but mainly again the lower educated, more listening based audience members over the people watching the play. We can infer from this that the audience had uneducated/less educated Athenians but we can also tell that the audience was varied due to it being a religious festival, everyone had to attend and watch these plays. Along with this, Aristophanes wanted to attack Kleon even more and he did this by using political satire and this was aimed at the higher class Athenians who would understand the clearly stated political jokes, mostly seen just by the names of the father and son in the play, Philocleon being pro -Kleon and Bdelycleon being anti-Kleon. Aristophanes attacked Kleon in different ways in the WASPs, one way being that he mocked how Kleon got into power. Kleon owned a tanning business and became an Archon by using his wealth from the tanning business and not being given power like the Eupatrid normally became Archons. Also we see political satire in the court room scene that Bdelycleon has created for his father where they put Labes on trial for eating sicilian cheese in the house and this is not only political satire because we see the court system being mocked, but this is a clear indication of slapstick humour due to the dog, Labes, being able to talk. For the more visual people in the audience they could laugh and find humour in the fact the dog is talking because dogs do not talk and the people in the audience who mainly enjoyed what they were listening to could laugh at how the first dog only says bow-wow unlike Labes. Also we see low used humour when the cheese grater and bowl are brought in as witnesses and Aristophanes did this because he knew that this humour entertained the mass audience watching the WASPs and his play would also win the competition happening at the festival of Dyonisis, God of wine, food and laughter. Finally we see a lot of farce jokes used in the WASPs from crude jokes about sex with slave girls to toilet humour. For example we see Bdelycleon convincing his father to stay at home and set up his own court room and we see him joke about having to sentence the slave girls for a small crime and that he can give her a stiff sentence implying having sex with her. This would have mainly been for the men in the audience who would have enjoyed the joke and maybe agreed with what was being said. Also toilet humour is seen from Philocleon talking Lycus, a hero whose shrine stood beside the courthouse that Philocleon attends, and he talks about how he will no more to piss or fart behind your shrine which would have gotten some small laughs from the more lower class watchers. So we can see from all these different types of humour involved in the WASPs that a wide spread audience was Aristophanes aim and that he did entertain the mass audience from the lower class Athenian who enjoyed crude jokes to play on words to the more upper class/educated Athenian who enjoyed the political satire about Kleon but who also enjoyed the simple jokes too.

The ECommerce Environment of Singapore Essay -- GCSE Business Marketin

The ECommerce Environment of Singapore Geography The Republic of Singapore is located in southeast Asia, south of Malaysia and northwest of Indonesia. The island measures a total of 637 square kilometers with a coastline 193 kilometers long. Singapore is generally comprised of lowland areas with a central plateau in the middle of the island. Its elevation ranges from the Bukit Timah, (166 m.), to the Singapore Strait which is at sea level. Its climate is tropical and wet. Precipitation occurs on 40% of all days, (70% of days in April). Singapore's two biggest natural recourses are its fishing industry, and its deep water ports. Singapore is also a focal point for most Southeast Asian sea routes. History Singapore was originally settled by Great Britain in 1819 as a port of call. The British used Singapore to extend their territories in Indonesia. It remained under British rule until 1941 when Japan bombed and captured Singapore. After three years of Japanese rule, British forces returned to the island. By this time Singapore was longing for self-government. Singapore realized its need for independence in 1959 holding its first general election. The new, independent Singapore was voted into the United Nations in 1965. On December 22, 1965, Singapore became a republic electing Yusof bin Ishak as its first president. Infrastructure In Singapore's short life as a republic, it has developed a sound infrastructure. In the way of transportation, Singapore has a total of 105 kilometers of railways used for commercial and personal transportation. It has also built over 3,000 kilometers of highways, 2,936 of which are paved. Singapore also boasts a 67 kilometer mass transit system with 42 stations. The mass transit system is the preferred means of travel in Singapore due to the fact that only one of every ten people own an automobile. Singapore produces 28 billion kilowatts of electricity annually. One hundred percent of Singapore's electricity is produced by means of fossil fuel. An estimated 97% of all residents live in households with electricity and running water. Singapore's leading industries include: electronics, petroleum refining, oil drilling equipment, rubber products and rubber processing, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade, biotechnology, and financial services. Technological Infrast... ...panding Connections Singapore's current US connection of 45 Mbps is growing everyday. Local internet providers have begun expanding their connection speed and size through the use of satellite links. It is estimated that in the next ten years the number of internet connections in Singapore will almost be double what it is today. Summary Electronic Commerce is changing the way business is conducted today. Singapore has positioned itself to become a major part of the E-business trend. Developing technology, government support, and growing internet awareness make Singapore an ideal environment in which E-commerce can thrive. Lee Yock Suan sums up Singapore's E-commerce environment by saying ,"We want to be plugged into this global development, and position Singapore as an international E-commerce hub." References WWW.Singstat.gov 202.42.217.232/ WWW.Geography.com.sg WWW.TheStandard.com Rajakru, Dang Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol 26, 1996, p. 3-27 The state, family and industrial development: the Singapore case. Graham, Mark Industry Week, vol 249 no 7, 2000,p. 37-40 Singapore lures technology: it's clean, green -- and a powerful machine.

Kindred

As the book entails more of African-American history rather than just a pure literature of science fiction since it deals slavery in the nineteenth century Antebellum South which unleashes the issue of slavery, its causes, effects and its evidences on a more modernized method and language to capture the interest of the reader particularly to the young adults whom the book has marketed, readers would see it as a reliable historical reference.Every detail written on it illustrates manifestation of the tragic truth on how white people consider their supremacy over the blacks.   This include horrible dilemma such as beatings, rape, forced labor, murderous acts, and any form of abuses whether physical, psychological or emotional which the protagonist Dana has experienced as a result of her permission to be transported in the past several times in search of a missing piece, though the epiphany was only after the first and second glimpses from the past via time travel on which the revelat ion involving her antecedent has occurred.To dare oneself to involve in the not-so-good incidents and allow himself being hurt by anyone or anything could be a brave action if not heroic.   However, Dana here is just a victim of unexplainable intervention which urges her to accept her ethnicity.   Knowing that both the blood of the slave-owner rapist Rufus and the slave Alice runs through her blood, and with marriage with Kevin, another white man like his grandfather Rufus, Dana courageously surpass it in the end.Readers of Kindred might see little of himself in Dana's terrible experiences and would help him realize the message that everyone is related with one another irregardless of color differences and norms.   Time heals all wounds but never the lesson it imparted and the history out of it, with or without science intervention.R E F E R E N C EButler, Octavia. Kindred. New York: Doubleday, 1979.

Music is Education

Music in education is essential to our children because it increases their listening skills and is a common method of communication for cultures worldwide. There are schools attempting to eliminate teaching musical arts to our children. The board of education claims they must provide education by concentrating on the basic academic courses, but what they don't realize is that music is a major part of basic education. We must not allow them to pull the teaching of music out of our school curriculums because music is an essential form of communication. Our children do not have to be fluent in the arts to receive the value of broad exposure to the different musical dialogues. Deprivation of a very valuable part of education occurs if we do not teach them to appreciate a wide variety of music. Metaphorically speaking, we often associate the terms language and grammar with the term music. This association leads us to believe that music is a form of language, possibly because no symbol system other than language has the same potential as music of infinite productivity and precision. It takes a multitude of directions and phonetic-type symbolism to produce a pleasant sounding musical composition. This relates very closely to the requirements of everyday language. The primary objective of any spoken language is to convey a person's thoughts in a comprehensible fashion, but we must remember that everyone thinks and comprehends everything differently. Musical language contains vast quantities of words to help people understand how original composers intended to play a specific piece. Musical language also has directions that allow and encourage some scope of original interpretation and minor departures from the written score, resulting in no two performances sounding exactly alike. The English language, as we know it, carries a very strong parallel to these same interpretable words. Dialect and slang are just two of the many connotative forms to speak different languages. All languages contain these variations and reinforce the need for striving toward understanding a basically generic language. It would be very difficult to speak to a non-English speaking person and clearly convey a message unless both persons were familiar with basic terminology. It would be just as unlikely to communicate a musical message to someone not educated or interested in musical interpretation. The term music in itself has many different connotations. One in the United States may not have the same perceptions as one whose origin is France or Australia, or elsewhere in the world. In my travels through Europe and South America I had a hard time finding any truly original, locally produced music. The majority of the music I searched through were also popular in the United States. It was very easy to find foreigners singing an American song using their interpretation of our language. The entire world seems to be able to communicate with music and seems to understand it enough to share their own musical interpretation. Music is a language of it's own and depending on how we speak it, it too can accomplish a multitude of results. People are no more able to understand a foreign language without education than they are to understand the unspoken language of music without proper musical education. A single score of music interpreted with a few of many available musical directions can tell as many stories as there are variations. For example, playing Cristofori's Dream by David Lanz entirely lento-pianisimo (slow and very soft), creates a very peaceful and tranquil mood. Played again allegro-forte (lively, brisk, and loud), emits an uplifting feeling. Yet, by using both interpretations progressively and regressively within this identical musical score, one could feel depleted and elated in the same timeframe. This is perhaps the most ascribable reason to pursue aknowledge of musical semantics. Within music one expresses many emotions, speaks many languages, conveys complex messages, and tells many stories. Music can be a selfish form of conversation and it is not always necessary to have a recipient to onvey a message. One has only to listen while playing music to communicate with themselves, yet most would suspect the stability of a person who attempted this scenario by simply talking and responding while alone. Music merges the physical aspects of harmony with a sublime and metaphysical effect creating an inner peace. Seldom will words alone be capable of accomplishing what just one musical composition can communicate when we teach our children to appreciate music. With all available forms of communication, one should never forget that listening carefully to music–as we should listen to others speak–can clarify the true meanings of all languages. We should all strive to include intuition and intellect into language of any form. Intellect enlarges our range of instincts through newly absorbed information and enables us to reflect and analyze all forms of language. If communication is the purpose for language, we must then realize that speech is not the only form of communication, for life without smiles, hugs, sign language, and even music would be very unfulfilling. We must continue to educate our children in the musical arts and teach them yet another form of communication.

Definition and Examples of Parataxis in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Parataxis in Rhetoric Definition Parataxis is a grammatical and  rhetorical term for phrases or clauses arranged independently- a coordinate, rather than a subordinate, construction. Adjective: paratactic.  Contrast with  hypotaxis. Parataxis (also known as the additive style) is sometimes used as a synonym for asyndeton- that is, the coordination of phrases and clauses without coordinating conjunctions. However, as Richard Lanham demonstrates in Analyzing Prose, a sentence style may be both paratactic and polysyndetic (held together with numerous conjunctions). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Clausal Coordination and Phrasal Coordination Compound SentenceCoordinate ClauseJuxtapositionLangston Hughes on Harlem in the 1920sListParataxis in Steinbecks Paradox and DreamRunning StyleSimple SentenceWalt Whitmans Street YarnWendell Berrys A Few Words for Motherhood What Is the Running Style? EtymologyFrom the Greek, placing side by side Examples and Observations I came; I saw; I conquered.(Julius Caesar)Dogs, undistinguishable in mire. Horses, scarcely better- splashed to their very blinkers. Foot passengers, jostling one anothers umbrellas, in a general infection of ill-temper, and losing their foothold at street corners.(Charles Dickens, Bleak House, 1852-1853)In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels.(Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms, 1929)I needed a drink, I needed a lot of life insurance, I needed a vacation, I needed a home in the country. What I had was a coat, a hat and a gun.(Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, 1940) Joan Didions Paratactic StyleI remember walking across 62nd Street one twilight that first spring, or the second spring, they were all alike for a while. I was late to meet someone but I stopped at Lexington Avenue and bought a peach and stood on the corner eating it and knew that I had come out of the Wes t and reached the mirage. I could taste the peach and feel the soft air blowing from a subway grating on my legs and I could smell lilac and garbage and expensive perfume and I knew that it would cost something sooner or later . . ..(Joan Didion, Goodbye to All That. Slouching Towards Bethlehem, 1968) Toni Morrisons Use of ParataxisTwenty-two years old, weak, hot, frightened, not daring to acknowledge the fact that he didnt know who or what he was . . . with no past, no language, no tribe, no source, no address book, no comb, no pencil, no clock, no pocket handkerchief, no rug, no bed, no can opener, no faded postcard, no soap, no key, no tobacco pouch, no soiled underwear and nothing nothing nothing to do . . . he was sure of one thing only: the unchecked monstrosity of his hands.(Toni Morrison, Sula, 1973) Natalie Kuszs Use of ParataxisI packed some books and a portable typewriter, drove to Homer on the coast, and rented a cabin near the beach. Something about the place, or its fishy air, or my aloneness in the middle of it, worked somehow, and I breathed bigger there in my chest and wrote more clearly on the page. I had forgotten about tides and about the kelp and dried crabs that came in with them, and every morning I shivered into a sweater, put combs in my hair, and walked out to wade and to fill my pockets with what I found. I liked it best when the wind was blowing and the sky was gray, and the sounds of seagulls and my own breathing were carried out with the water.(Natalie Kusz, Vital Signs. The Threepenny Review, 1989) Walt Whitmans Paratactic StyleNothing is ever really lost, or can be lost,No birth, identity, form- no object of the world.Nor life, nor force, nor any visible thing;Appearance must not foil, nor shifted sphere confuse thy brain.Ample are time and spaceample the fields of Nature.The body, sluggish, aged, cold- the embers left from earlier fires,The light in the eye grown dim, shall duly flame again;The sun now low in the west rises for mornings and for noons continual;To frozen clods ever the springs invisible law returns,With grass and flowers and summer fruits and corn.(Walt Whitman, Continuities) Characteristics of Paratactic Prose- In paratactic prose, clauses are loosely connected, creating a lopping discourse of heres another thing and another thing and another thing. . . . Paratactic prose occurs more frequently in narrative and explanation, and hypotactic prose more frequently in explicit arguments.(Jeanne Fahnestock, Rhetorical Style: The Uses of Language in Persuasion. Oxf ord University Press, 2011)- When clauses are linked in a relationship of equality, we say that the relationship is paratactic. Parataxis is the relationship between units of equal status. . . . Paratactic linking is often treated as equivalent to coordination . . .; more exactly, coordination is one type of parataxis, others being juxtaposition and linking by conjunctions such as so and yet.(Angela Downing and Philip Locke, A University Course in English Grammar. Prentice Hall, 1992)- A series of short phrases or clauses equalized by parataxis seems almost to invite these repetitive openings [anaphora]. We are reminded, on the one hand, of Scriptures ritual iterations- a list of Thou shalt nots or begats. On the other hand, the humble laundry list comes to mind. When you think of it, ordinary workaday prose is often taken up with lists. They represent parataxis par excellence. . . .But parataxis can be a contrived, patterned, self-conscious style, one whose syntax can carry . . . a n allegorical meaning of its own. It is easy to write a laundry list, but not so easy to write like Hemingway without falling into parody. Try it.(Richard A. Lanham, Analyzing Prose, 2nd ed. Continuum, 2003)- Parataxis allows for the coherence of a narratives themes to be independent of the sequential organization of the story elements. Use of paratactic ordering is common in folksongs and even myths where the rearrangement of story elements in their order of presentation does not damage or confuse the story. For example, switching verses three and five of a seven-verse paratactic song would not alter the theme or tale presented, since linear progression is not an essential component of these works.(Richard Neupert, The End: Narration and Closure in the Cinema. Wayne State University Press, 1995) A Difficult Style to MasterAlthough it might seem as if writing in the additive style is just a matter of putting one thing after another in no particular order (how can that be hard?), it is in fact the far more difficult style to master; for the relative absence of formal constraints means that there are no rules or recipes for what to do because there are no rules or recipes for what not to do.(Stanley Fish, How to Write a Sentence. Harper Collins, 2011) A. Bartlett Giamatti on the Paratactic Style of BaseballHere the oft-told tale that is the game is told again. It is told always in the present tense, in a paratactic style that reflects the games seamless, cumulative character, each event linked to the last and creating the context for the next- a style almost Biblical in its continuity and instinct for typology.(A. Bartlett Giamatti, Take Time for Paradise: Americans and Their Games. Summit Books, 1989) Pronunciation: PAR-a-TAX-iss

AP Analysis

It is extremely helpful to use the numerical scale for quantifying pain severity for a patient in order to best asses a pain’s origin and severity, thus allowing for the most accurate diagnosis and pain treatment. 4. The term â€Å"putting a joint back into place† indicates moving the bone back into the synovial joint (its proper place). The â€Å"pop† sound occurs due to gas bubbles (nitrogen) escaping from the synovial fluid. 5. Both the shoulder joint and the hip joint are ball-and-socket joints, but the hip joint does not have as large a range of motion when compared to the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint is not just a bony socket, but is comprised of several tendons/muscles (as previously mentioned), synovial fluid, tendon sheaths and hyaline cartilage. Issue #3: Eye problems 1. The term for someone who has problems seeing close objects but can see objects far away is â€Å"hyperopia† or farsightedness. 2. Contrarily, â€Å"myopia† or nearsightedness is the condition of being able to see objects up close but not ones far away. 3. David appears to have hyperopia, since he needs to hold a paper at arm’s length to be able to read. Issue #4: Muscle Physiology 1. The cause of the muscle cramping is hyponatremia or low blood sodium, which may have occurred by the young girl drinking a lot of water in the hot sun to try and stay hydrated, but which caused an electrolyte imbalance in her body, thus resulting in muscle cramps. 2. The muscle cramps will go away once she drinks the salt water, which will restore the necessary electrolyte balance in her body. Issue #5: Muscle Physiology Child Case History 1. The hereditary X-linked recessive disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness is called muscular dystrophy, or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). 2. â€Å"Dystrophy† refers to the degeneration of, in this case, muscles. 3. Muscles in the leg involved in walking â€Å"on the toes† are the illopsoas, gastrocnemius and soleus. As these muscles weaken, the plantar flexors in the foot take over the job of walking. 4. The trunk muscles that weaken in certain cases of lordosis (sway back) and abdominal protuberance are the lower back muscles (erector spinae), hip flexors, abdominal muscles and the hamstrings.

Psychology (senses) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology (senses) - Essay Example To better understand this loss, put yourself in the situation that you cannot feel if you have touched something excessively hot (called thermoception), such as a hot stove, and continually receive burns to a large part of your body through the inability to continually feel the heat every time you touch the stove. Think of this exact situation whereby you are a child of toddler age, where you continually touch a hot stove without the ability to feel that it is hot and need to be rushed to the hospital in critical condition with third degree burns and having your mother explain why this happened and no one believing her. By losing this feeling of touch it is hard to understand how hot or cold things are, for instance in the above example, heat was used, now by losing the sense of pressure (tactition) whereby you cannot feel various forms of pressure would be difficult as the skin covers all your major body parts.